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Considering entropy (S) as a thermodynamic parameter, the criterion for the spontaneity of any process is:

1. ΔS_system + ΔS_surroundings > 0
2. ΔS_system − ΔS_surroundings > 0
3. ΔS_system > 0 only
4. ΔS_surroundings > 0 only

Correct answer: ΔS_system + ΔS_surroundings > 0

Solution

For a process to be spontaneous, the total entropy change (system + surroundings) must be positive, as per the second law of thermodynamics.

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