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Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of Zr and Hf (atom and ions) become nearly similar.

1. Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of Zr and Hf (atom and ions) become nearly similar.
2. A +3 oxidation state is most common for lanthanides.
3. But occasionally +2 and +4 states are also obtained due to extra stability of empty, half-filled or filled f-subshell.
4. None of the above.

Correct answer: Due to lanthanide contraction, the size of Zr and Hf (atom and ions) become nearly similar.

Solution

Lanthanide contraction causes a significant reduction in atomic and ionic radii across the lanthanide series, making the sizes of Zr and Hf nearly identical despite being in different periods.

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