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Mitochondrial cristae are equipped with minute structures called elementary particles, which house ATP-ase enzymes. These structures play a key role in ATP generation during oxidative phosphorylation.

1. (a) The Golgi apparatus is an organelle with flattened, membrane-bound sacs located close to the nucleus.
2. (b) Lysosomes are membrane-bound vesicles containing hydrolytic enzymes that facilitate intracellular digestion of macromolecules.
3. (c) In polytene chromosomes found in salivary glands, homologous chromosomes undergo somatic pairing, and their chromonemata replicate repeatedly.
4. (d) Cell membranes facilitate recognition and adhesion through glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are formed by small carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and peripheral proteins.

Correct answer: (d) Cell membranes facilitate recognition and adhesion through glycoproteins and glycolipids, which are formed by small carbohydrate groups attached to lipids and peripheral proteins.

Solution

Option (d) is correct because glycoproteins and glycolipids on the cell membrane are responsible for cell recognition and adhesion, as they contain carbohydrate moieties that interact with other cells or molecules.

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