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In the context of pavement material characterization, the CORRECT statement(s) is/are

1. The load penetration curve of CBR test may need origin correction due to the non-vertical penetrating plunger of the loading machine.
2. The toughness and hardness of road aggregates are determined by Los Angeles abrasion test and aggregate impact test, respectively.
3. Grading of normal (unmodified) bitumen binders is done based on viscosity test results.
4. In compacted bituminous mix, Voids in the Mineral Aggregate (VMA) is equal to the sum of total volume of air voids (Vv) and total volume of bitumen (Vb).

Correct answer: The load penetration curve of CBR test may need origin correction due to the non-vertical penetrating plunger of the loading machine.

Solution

The load penetration curve of the California Bearing Ratio (CBR) test may require origin correction because the angle of the plunger affects the accuracy of the load measurements, leading to potential misinterpretation of the material's strength characteristics.

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