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The current in the circuit is expressed as (E + E) / (r₁ + r₂ + R) or 2E / (r₁ + r₂ + R). Which of the following statements is accurate?

1. The potential difference across the first cell is given by E - Ir₁.
2. The expression for E is 2E × r₁ / ((r₁ + r₂) + R).
3. E can be written as 2E / ((r₁ + r₂) + R).
4. The resistance R equals r₁ - r₂.

Correct answer: The potential difference across the first cell is given by E - Ir₁.

Solution

The potential difference (P.D.) across the first cell is given by subtracting the voltage drop across its internal resistance (Ir₁) from its EMF (E). This matches option A.

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