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The energy of an electron in the ground state of \( \boldsymbol{H} \) atom is \( -\mathbf{1 3 . 6 e V} \) The negative sign indicates that:

1. electrons are negatively charged
2. \( H \) atom is more stable than a free electron
3. energy of the electron in the H atom is lower than that of a free electron
4. work must be done to make a \( H \) atom from a free electron and proton

Correct answer: energy of the electron in the H atom is lower than that of a free electron

Solution

The reference level is usually taken as a free electron and proton infinitely far apart, with energy 0. A negative value means the electron is bound in the atom and has less energy than a free electron.

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