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Some meta-directing substituents in aromatic substitution are given. Which one is most deactivating?

1. -SO3H
2. -COOH
3. -NO2
4. -C≡N

Correct answer: -NO2

Solution

The -NO2 group is the most deactivating due to its strong electron-withdrawing nature via both inductive and resonance effects, making the aromatic ring highly electron-deficient.

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