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Respiratory centre is situated bilaterally in medulla oblongata, while breathing is controlled by pneumotaxic and apneustic centres in pons varolii. Impulse for voluntary forced breathing starts in cerebral hemisphere.

1. Respiratory centre is situated in medulla oblongata.
2. Breathing is controlled by pneumotaxic and apneustic centres in pons varolii.
3. Impulse for voluntary forced breathing starts in cerebral hemisphere.
4. All of the above.

Correct answer: All of the above.

Solution

Each statement describes a real part of respiratory control: the medulla contains the main respiratory center, the pons modulates breathing via pneumotaxic and apneustic centers, and voluntary forced breathing begins in the cerebral cortex. Since all three are correct, the inclusive option is right.

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