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Which electrons of a transition metal atom are responsible for its ability to show variable oxidation states?

1. ns electrons only
2. (n-1)d electrons only
3. both ns and (n-1)d electrons, but not np
4. (n-1)d and np electrons only, but not ns

Correct answer: both ns and (n-1)d electrons, but not np

Solution

Transition metals show variable oxidation states because the (n-1)d and ns electrons have nearly equal energies and both can participate in bonding; the np orbitals are not involved.

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