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Evaluate the following statements related to group 14 elements for their correctness. (A) Covalent radius decreases down the group from C to Pb in a regular manner. (B) Electronegativity decreases from C to Pb down the group gradually. (C) Maximum covalence of C is 4 whereas other elements can expand their covalence due to presence of d orbitals. (D) Heavier elements do not form pπ-pπ bonds. (E) Carbon can exhibit negative oxidation states. Choose the correct answer from the options given below: (1) (C), (D) and (E) Only (2) (A) and (B) Only (3) (A), (B) and (C) Only (4) (C) and (D) Only

1. (1) (C), (D) and (E) Only
2. (2) (A) and (B) Only
3. (3) (A), (B) and (C) Only
4. (4) (C) and (D) Only

Correct answer: (1) (C), (D) and (E) Only

Solution

Options (C), (D), and (E) are correct because carbon has a maximum covalence of 4, while heavier group 14 elements can utilize d orbitals to expand their covalence; heavier elements typically do not form pπ-pπ bonds due to their larger atomic size and lower electronegativity; and carbon can indeed exhibit negative oxidation states, which is not common for heavier elements.

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