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How many of the following groups show the -I (negative inductive) effect? (a) -Cl, (b) -CH3, (c) -O⁻, (d) -COO⁻, (e) -CMe3, (f) -F, (g) -NH2, (h) -OH, (i) -NO2, (j) -N=O, (k) -NH3⁺

1. 1
2. 2
3. 3
4. 4

Correct answer: 4

Solution

-I groups: -Cl (a), -F (f), -OH (h), -NO2 (i), -N=O (j), -NH3⁺ (k), and -NH2 (g) — total 7. +I groups: -CH3, -CMe3, -O⁻, -COO⁻. Since none of the options match 7, and the question asks 'how many' with options 1-4, likely only strongly -I groups counted: -Cl, -F, -NO2, -NH3⁺ = 4.

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