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How many of the following groups show a negative inductive (-I) effect? (a) -Cl (b) -CH3 (c) -O(-) (d) -COO(-) (e) -CMe3 (f) -F (g) -NH2 (h) -OH (i) -NO2 (j) -N=O (k) (+)-NH3
- 1
- 2
- 3
- 4
Correct answer: 4
Solution
The -I effect groups withdraw electron density through the sigma framework. Halogens (F, Cl) are electron-withdrawing. -OH and -NH2 also show -I (they are electron withdrawing inductively, though +M). -NO2 and -N=O are strongly electron withdrawing. Positively charged (+NH3) is strongly -I. Alkyl groups and negatively charged groups show +I.
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