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If fixed positive charges are present in the gate oxide of an n-channel enhancement type MOSFET, it will lead to

1. a decrease in the threshold voltage
2. channel length modulation
3. an increase in substrate leakage current
4. an increase in accumulation capacitance

Correct answer: a decrease in the threshold voltage

Solution

The presence of fixed positive charges in the gate oxide attracts more electrons to the channel, effectively lowering the voltage required to create a conductive channel, which results in a decrease in the threshold voltage.

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