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Pick one or more CORRECT statement(s) from the choices given below, in the context of upstream and downstream cut-offs provided below the concrete apron of weirs/barrages constructed across alluvial rivers.

1. Cut-offs are provided to increase the rate of flow over the weir/barrage.
2. Cut-offs are provided to increase the seepage length and prevent failure due to piping.
3. The bottom level of cut-offs mainly depends on the scour depth.
4. Cut-offs are provided to ensure occurrence of hydraulic jump within the stilling basin.

Correct answer: Cut-offs are provided to increase the seepage length and prevent failure due to piping.

Solution

Cut-offs are designed to enhance the seepage path, which helps to reduce the risk of piping failures by ensuring that water does not easily erode the soil beneath the structure. This is crucial for maintaining the stability and integrity of the weir or barrage.

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