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Assertion (A): Cryogenic engines are crucial for launching heavy payloads into geostationary orbit. Reason (R): Cryogenic propellants provide high efficiency and greater thrust performance.

1. Both A and R are true and R explains A
2. Both A and R are true but R does not explain A
3. A is true but R is false
4. A is false but R is true

Correct answer: Both A and R are true and R explains A

Solution

Cryogenic engines are used in upper stages because they are highly efficient and provide the high specific impulse needed for placing heavy payloads into geostationary orbit. Thus, both the assertion and reason are true, and the reason correctly explains the assertion.

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