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Two students \( P \) and \( Q \) perform an experiment to verify Ohm's law for a conductor with resistance R. They use a current source and a voltmeter with least counts of \( 0.1 \mathrm{mA} \) and \( 0.1 \mathrm{mV} \) respectively. The plots of the variation of voltage drop(V) across R with current(i) for both are shown. the statement which is most likely to be correct is?

1. P has only random error(s)
2. Q has only systematic error(s)
3. \( Q \) has both random and systematic errors
4. P has both random and systematic errors

Correct answer: \( Q \) has both random and systematic errors

Solution

Random error shows up as scatter of measured points about a best-fit line, while systematic error shows up as a consistent displacement from the true relation, such as a nonzero intercept or shifted slope. Since Q’s plot indicates both scatter and a persistent offset, Q has both random and systematic errors.

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