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A plane electromagnetic wave is incident on a material surface. If the wave delivers momentum \(p\) and energy \(E\), then

1. \(p = 0, E = 0\)
2. \(p \neq 0, E \neq 0\)
3. \(p \neq 0, E = 0\)
4. \(p = 0, E \neq 0\)

Correct answer: \(p \neq 0, E \neq 0\)

Solution

A plane electromagnetic wave carries energy and momentum. When incident on a surface, it can transfer both, producing radiation pressure and energy absorption/reflection effects.

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