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Halogens exhibit high electron affinity because their valence shell configuration (ns2np5) leaves them just one electron short of achieving a stable noble gas configuration. This makes them highly inclined to gain an electron and form halide ions.

1. Metallic nature decreases across a period but increases down a group.
2. Elements (a), (b), and (d) are in the same group due to having two electrons in the s-orbital, whereas element (c), with seven valence electrons, belongs to a different group.
3. The electronegativity values proposed by Pauling are helpful in determining the polarity of molecules.
4. The Pauling electronegativity scale aids in understanding: (i) The type of bond between two atoms, and (ii) The bond's stability.

Correct answer: The electronegativity values proposed by Pauling are helpful in determining the polarity of molecules.

Solution

Pauling's electronegativity values are indeed used to predict the polarity of molecules, as they indicate the ability of an atom to attract shared electrons in a bond.

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