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The atomic volume represents the space taken up by one mole of an element. Moving across a period from left to right, atomic volume initially decreases and then rises due to the combined effects of increasing nuclear charge and molar mass. Which of the following statements is accurate?

1. For ions with the same number of electrons, the size of a cation decreases as its positive charge becomes larger.
2. The proton (H+), being extremely small in size, exhibits very high hydration energy.
3. Non-metals like nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine from the p-block are highly electronegative and tend to form anions by gaining electrons from metals.
4. Halogen group elements are the most likely to form anions.

Correct answer: The proton (H+), being extremely small in size, exhibits very high hydration energy.

Solution

Proton (H+) is extremely small in size and has a high charge density, leading to very strong interactions with water molecules, resulting in large hydration energy.

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