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In recent years, the rise in harmful pollutants like NOx and SPM (Suspended Particulate Matter) from vehicles has become a critical issue. A study found a correlation coefficient of 0.74 between traffic volume in a model and actual traffic volume. Additionally, the concentration of NOx was found to range from 70 to 230 ppm, while SPM levels were approximately 40 to 100 μg/m³. Which of the following statements is accurate?

1. Air pollutants with a particle size of 2.5 micrometers or smaller are most detrimental to human health.
2. The Government of India mandates PUC (Pollution Under Control) certification for petrol vehicles to monitor carbon monoxide and hydrocarbon emissions.
3. The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) was established in 1974 under the Water Act and later given responsibilities under the Air Act of 1981, serving as a technical body for environmental protection.
4. The CPCB's primary role is to ensure the cleanliness of water bodies by preventing and controlling pollution in various regions of the country.

Correct answer: Air pollutants with a particle size of 2.5 micrometers or smaller are most detrimental to human health.

Solution

Particles of 2.5 micrometers or less (PM2.5) are especially dangerous because they can travel deep into the respiratory system and even enter the bloodstream. The other options mix up CPCB facts or overstate the scope of PUC requirements.

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