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The transfer of energy from one trophic level to another is governed by the 2nd law of thermodynamics. The average efficiency of energy transfer from herbivores to carnivores is:

1. 5%
2. 10%
3. 25%
4. 50%

Correct answer: 10%

Solution

In food chains, only a small fraction of energy stored in one trophic level becomes biomass available to the next level; most is lost through respiration, movement, and heat. On average, this transfer is about 10%, so herbivores to carnivores follows the same rule.

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