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During ecological succession:

1. the establishment of a new biotic community is very fast in its primary phase.
2. the numbers and types of animals remain constant.
3. the changes lead to a community that is in near equilibrium with the environment and is called pioneer community.
4. the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area.

Correct answer: the gradual and predictable change in species composition occurs in a given area.

Solution

Ecological succession involves a gradual and predictable change in species composition in a given area over time, leading to the establishment of a stable community. This process is not fast in its primary phase, and the pioneer community is the initial stage, not the equilibrium state.

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