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Industrial melanism as observed in peppered moth proves that

1. the melanic form of the moth has no selective advantage over lighter form in industrial area
2. the lighter-form moth has no selective advantage either in polluted industrial area or non-polluted area
3. melanism is a pollution-generated feature
4. the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation

Correct answer: the true black melanic forms arise by a recurring random mutation

Solution

Industrial melanism in peppered moths shows that dark individuals can arise by recurring random mutation, and then selection favors them in polluted environments. It does not mean pollution creates the trait; it changes which existing variant survives better.

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