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Chemiosmotic theory of ATP synthesis in the chloroplasts and mitochondria is based on:

1. membrane potential
2. accumulation of Na ions
3. accumulation of K ions
4. proton gradient

Correct answer: proton gradient

Solution

Chemiosmotic theory says electron transport pumps protons across a membrane, creating a proton motive force. ATP synthase uses this H+ gradient to make ATP in both chloroplasts and mitochondria.

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