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The rupture and fractionation do not usually occur in the water column in vessel/tracheids during the ascent of sap because of

1. lignified thick walls
2. cohesion and adhesion
3. weak gravitational pull
4. transpiration pull

Correct answer: cohesion and adhesion

Solution

Cohesion between water molecules prevents the column from breaking, and adhesion to vessel/tracheid walls helps stabilize it against gravity and tension. Together, they maintain an unbroken water column during ascent of sap.

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