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Which one of the following forces cannot be expressed in terms of potential energy ? (1) Gravitational force (2) Restoring force (3) Frictional force (4) Coulomb's force

1. Gravitational force
2. Restoring force
3. Frictional force
4. Coulomb's force

Correct answer: Frictional force

Solution

The frictional force is a non-conservative force, meaning it does not have a potential energy associated with it, as it dissipates energy as heat rather than storing it. In contrast, gravitational, restoring, and Coulomb's forces are conservative and can be described using potential energy.

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