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A battery in a car has an emf of 12 V and an internal resistance of 5 × 10⁻² Ω. When it supplies a current of 60 A, what is the terminal potential difference across the battery?

1. 15 volt
2. 3 volt
3. 5 volt
4. 9 volt

Correct answer: 9 volt

Solution

The terminal potential difference is calculated by subtracting the voltage drop across the internal resistance from the emf. With an internal resistance of 0.05 Ω and a current of 60 A, the voltage drop is 3 V (0.05 Ω × 60 A), leading to a terminal potential difference of 12 V - 3 V = 9 V.

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