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In Ziegler-Natta polymerisation of alkenes such as ethene/styrene using the catalyst system TiCl4 + (C2H5)3Al, which titanium species acts as the actual catalytically active species?

1. TiCl4
2. TiCl3
3. TiCl2
4. TiCl

Correct answer: TiCl3

Solution

Triethylaluminium partially reduces TiCl4 to TiCl3, which (after alkylation) provides the active Ti centre that coordinates and inserts the monomer.

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