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For inclusion to hold between two cache levels L1 and L2 in a multi-level cache hierarchy, which of the following are necessary? I. L1 must be a write-through cache II. L2 must be a write-through cache III. The associativity of L2 must be greater than that of L1 IV. The L2 cache must be at least as large as the L1 cache

1. IV only
2. I and IV only
3. I, III and IV only
4. I, II, III and IV

Correct answer: IV only

Solution

In a multi-level cache hierarchy, for inclusion to hold, the L2 cache must be at least as large as the L1 cache to ensure that all data stored in L1 can also be contained in L2. This size relationship is crucial for maintaining the inclusion property.

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