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Suppose a database system crashes again while recovering from a previous crash. Assume checkpointing is not done by the database either during the transactions or during recovery.

1. The system cannot recover from the crash.
2. The system can recover only if the log is archived.
3. The system can recover using the log, but recovery may repeat some actions.
4. The system can recover only if all transactions were committed before the first crash.

Correct answer: The system can recover using the log, but recovery may repeat some actions.

Solution

The log maintains a record of all transactions and their states, allowing the system to replay actions to restore the database to a consistent state. However, since there is no checkpointing, some actions may be repeated during recovery, leading to potential inconsistencies.

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