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During solidification of a pure molten metal, the grains in the casting near the mould wall are

1. coarse and randomly oriented
2. fine and randomly oriented
3. fine and ordered
4. coarse and ordered

Correct answer: fine and randomly oriented

Solution

Near the mould wall, the molten metal cools very rapidly, causing a high nucleation rate. This produces a fine-grained structure, and because nucleation occurs randomly, the grains are randomly oriented.

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